考研翻譯基礎(chǔ)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語中被動(dòng)使用的范圍很廣。凡是在不必說出主動(dòng)者、不愿說出主動(dòng)者、無從說出主動(dòng)者或是為了便于連貫上下文等場合，往往使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。漢語中雖然也有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但使用范圍狹窄很多。英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子，譯成漢語時(shí)，很多情況下都可譯成主動(dòng)句，但也有一些可以保持被動(dòng)語態(tài)。下面是小編整理的考研翻譯基礎(chǔ)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，希望大家喜歡。
考研翻譯基礎(chǔ)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一、譯成漢語主動(dòng)句：
英語中被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子譯成漢語的主動(dòng)句可以有幾種不同的情況：
�。ㄒ唬� 原文中的主語在譯文中仍作主語
例1：The whole country was armed in a few days.
簡析：主語：country; was armed 被動(dòng)語態(tài)作謂語，但譯成漢語后則不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
譯文：幾天以內(nèi)全國武裝起來了。
�。ǘ� 原文中的主語在譯文中作賓語
例2：It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
簡析：it是形式主語，真正主語是if后面的內(nèi)容。其實(shí)實(shí)際整句話的主語省略了的'。
譯文：如果（人們）不強(qiáng)烈地感到損失，那倒是奇怪了。
�。ㄈ� 譯成帶表語的主動(dòng)句
例3：The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
簡析：主語decision，謂語was not taken，譯成漢語也較好理解，按英語字面翻譯，去掉被動(dòng)即可。
譯文：進(jìn)攻的決定不是輕易作出的。
�。ㄋ模� 常用被動(dòng)句型的翻譯
有一類以IT作為形式主語的英語句子，在譯文中常要改成主動(dòng)形式，有時(shí)加主語，有時(shí)則加上不確定的主語，如“有人”、“大家”、“人們”、“我們”。
下面給出一部分，供參考：
1. 不加主語時(shí)
It is hoped that… 希望……
It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)……
It is supposed that… 據(jù)推測……
It must be admitted that… 必須承認(rèn)……
It will be seen from this that… 由此可見……
2. 可加主語的
It is asserted that… 有人主張……
It is believed that… 有人相信（認(rèn)為）……
It is well known that… 大家知道……（眾所周知……）
二、譯成漢語被動(dòng)句
漢語也有用被動(dòng)形式來表達(dá)的情況。這一類句子，都是著重被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，有些說出了動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)者，有些則不說出動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)者。英語被動(dòng)句譯成漢語被動(dòng)句時(shí)往往借助于以下各種方式：
�。ㄒ唬氨弧被颉敖o……”
例4：Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out o the airfield.
簡析：這種情況加入一個(gè)字就能清楚而簡練的表達(dá)原文意思，當(dāng)然可以用被動(dòng)啦。
譯文：我們隨時(shí)都會(huì)被出入機(jī)場的敵機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。
�。ǘ埃ㄔ猓┦堋�
例5：They were given a hearty welcome.
簡析：略。
譯文：他們受到熱烈歡迎。
�。ㄈ盀椤�
例6：I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
簡析：通常這類會(huì)有by這個(gè)詞的，一看就很容易想到用這個(gè)“為……所”的。
譯文：我為這此話所深深感動(dòng)，后來我就把它們寫在圣誕賀卡上。
�。ㄋ模� 譯成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
例7：The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
簡析：這樣的句子可以根據(jù)上下文或自己的感覺來選擇著譯，也可以用上面的別的譯法。
譯文：大火使這著名旅館幾乎全部毀滅。
下面我們來練習(xí)一下吧：
1. It is scarcely surprising, then, that education systems have for several decades past been severely criticized, partly on the ground that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society.
2. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
3. Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only the question of when the transplanting will take place remains to be considered.
4. A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
5. It must be admitted that only when we get a taste of its abuse will we feel the full meaning of cloning.
6. Our plans have been completely wrecked by bad weather.
參考譯文：
1、 那么教育體制在過去的幾十年中受到嚴(yán)厲的批評(píng)，就不那么令人感到驚訝了，批評(píng)者的部分根據(jù)是，這種教育培養(yǎng)人們在一種已過時(shí)的社會(huì)中生存。
2、 但是，當(dāng)兩個(gè)猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個(gè)房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什么東西時(shí)，猴子的行為就會(huì)變的明顯不同。
3、 大部分問題已圓滿解決，只剩下何時(shí)進(jìn)行該移植手術(shù)問題有待討論。
4、 有一種方言是在座的每一位語言學(xué)家都懂得的。
5、 必須承認(rèn)，只有當(dāng)我們嘗到克隆被濫用的惡果后，我們才會(huì)徹底明白其價(jià)值所在。
6、 惡劣的天氣使我們的計(jì)劃完全落空。
主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的對比：
主動(dòng)語態(tài)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
�、賗sam are ②do/does(V.V.s) amis are +done(V. p.p)
一般將來時(shí)
wille going toe (about) to +do(V.) will +be +done(V. p.p)
一般過去時(shí)
�、賥aswere ②did(V.-ed) waswere +done(V. p.p)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
amisare +doing(V.-ing) amisare +doing +done(V. p.p)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
waswere +doing(V.-ing) waswere +doing +done(V.p.p)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
have has +done(V. p.p.) havehas +been +done(V. p.p)
過去完成時(shí)
had +done(V. p.p.) Had +been +done(V. p.p.)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+V.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be +done(V. p.p.)
過去將來時(shí)
would/should +V. would/should be + done(V. p.p.)
翻譯時(shí)有以下幾種翻譯方法：
�、僮g成漢語被動(dòng)句：使用"被、受、遭、讓、給、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、為……所"等詞。
�、谠黾又髡Z，即動(dòng)作的實(shí)際發(fā)出者，或虛擬發(fā)出者。
�、圩g成漢語無主句
另外還有一些常用被動(dòng)句型的習(xí)慣譯法，需要平時(shí)積累，比如：
It is hoped that... 希望……，有人希望……
It is assumed that... 假設(shè)……，假定……
It is claimed that... 據(jù)說……，有人主張……
It is believed that... 有人想信……，大家相信……
It is reported that... 據(jù)報(bào)道……，據(jù)通報(bào)……
It is considered that... 人們認(rèn)為……，據(jù)估計(jì)……
It is said that... 據(jù)說……，有人說……
【考研試題例句】
It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
【解析】
It is imagined by many //that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, //and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
主句：it is imagined，其中it為形式主語，而that引導(dǎo)的 that the operations... compared with these processes和that they have to ... special training是并列的主語從句，為真正的主語。原文中有三個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)is imagined，be compared和be required，譯成漢語都變成了主動(dòng)表達(dá)："認(rèn)為"、"相比"和"掌握"。具體為：
(1)It is imagined by many 此處是"It+被動(dòng)語態(tài)+that"形式的處理，譯為"很多人認(rèn)為"。
(2)that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, 此處所用的是譯成漢語主動(dòng)句的處理方法，并保存原文主語譯為"普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與這些思維過程(科學(xué)家的思維過程)相比"。
(3)and that they have to be required by a sort of special training 此處所用的是譯成漢語被動(dòng)句的處理方法，譯為"認(rèn)為這些思維過程是須由某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握"。
【考研翻譯基礎(chǔ)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)】相關(guān)文章：
英文考研感謝信范文帶翻譯06-09
考研的信息01-22
考研的科目11-25
翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告08-23
基礎(chǔ)培訓(xùn)個(gè)人總結(jié)06-27
考研勵(lì)志話語10-01
考研經(jīng)典勵(lì)志話語09-30
考研祝福短信09-20
考研祝福文案08-28
考研經(jīng)歷及感悟08-19